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Selasa, 16 Juni 2009

Direct and Indirect speech

Direct Speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks("")



Example of Direct Speech :

1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”

2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”

3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”

4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”

5. You said, “I will come to help him.”

6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”



Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word. There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :

1. Imperrative (command/request)

2. interrogative (question)

3. Declarative (statement)


Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.

In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".

Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.
Time change
Expressions of time if reported on a different day

This (evening)

That (evening)

Today

Yesterday

These (days)

Those (days)

Now

Then

(a week) ago

(a week) before

Last weekend

The weekend before last / the previous weekend

Here

There

Next (week)

The following (week)

Tomorrow

The next/following day

Tense change
Direct speech

Indirect speech

Present simple
She said, "It's cold."

Past simple
She said it was cold.

Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."

Past continuous
She said she was teaching English online.

Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."

Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the web since 1999.

Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."

Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching English for seven years.

Past simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."

Past perfect
She said she had taught online yesterday.

Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."

Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching earlier.

Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."

Past perfect
She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."

Past perfect continuous
She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Descriptive Text

Descriptive text is a kind of text to describe a particular person, place or thing.


The generic structure of Descriptive text :

- Identification :

Identifies phenomenon to be described.



- Description :

Describes part qualities and characteristic.



Linguistic features :
Specific participants.
Linking verbs.
Simple present.
Adjective.

Simple Present

FORM

[VERB] + s/es in third person

Examples:
You speak English.
Do you speak English?
You do not speak English.

Complete List of Simple Present Forms
USE 1 Repeated Actions



Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

Examples:
I play tennis.
She does not play tennis.
Does he play tennis?
The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
The train does not leave at 9 AM.
When does the train usually leave?
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations



The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

Examples:
Cats like milk.
Birds do not like milk.
Do pigs like milk?
California is in America.
California is not in the United Kingdom.
Windows are made of glass.
Windows are not made of wood.
New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future



Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
When do we board the plane?
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)



Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

Examples:
I am here now.
She is not here now.
He needs help right now.
He does not need help now.
He has his passport in his hand.
Do you have your passport with you?
ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:
You only speak English.
Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:
Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive

Passive Voice

Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

* the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
* the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
* the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Examples of Passive Level: lower intermediateLevel 2
Tense Subject Verb Object
Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.
Passive: A letter is written by Rita.
Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.
Passive: A letter was written by Rita.
Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.
Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.
Future I Active: Rita will write a letter.
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.
Hilfsverben Active: Rita can write a letter.
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.
Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediateLevel 4
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.
Passive Sentences with Two Objects Level: intermediateLevel 3

Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2
Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.
.

As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive

Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.

Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.

Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.

Example: he says – it is said

Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.

Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.

Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.

The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).

Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.

Finite Verb

A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clause, which can stand by their own as complete sentence.

Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are describe as phrases.

Some interjections can play the same role. Even in English, a sentence like thanks for your help ! has an interjection where it could have a subject and a finite verb form (compare I appreciate your help!).

In English, as in most related languages , only verb in certain moods are finite these include :

* the indicative mood (expression a state of affairs); e.g. , “ The bulldozer demolished the restaurant,’’ “ The leaves were yellow and stiff.”

• the imperative mood (giving a command)
• the subjunctive mood (expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs, depending on some other part of the sentence); nearly extinct in English.



A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act,or mode of being. Finite verb, sometimes, called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

The finite verb are highlighted in the following sentence :

The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentence :

The bear caught a salmon in the stream.

Who ate the pic ?

Stop !

A nonfinite verb form-such as a participle, infinitive , or gerund-is not limited by time (see tense), person, and number.

Verb form that are not finite include :
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., “ the broken Window … ‘’, The wheezing gentleman …”)
• gerunds and gerundives.

Jumat, 22 Mei 2009

PUISI

Love is like a friends caught on fire.
In the beginning a flame, very pretty,
Often hot and fierce,
But still only light & flickering.
As love grows older,
Our hearts mature
And our love becomes as coals,
Deep burning and unquenchable.